วารสารวิชาการนิติศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยทักษิณ

Electronic Bills of Lading 75 The Charterer has the option to use the electronic format instead of the paper of the marine documents, which are bills of lading, waybills and delivery orders. The shipowner shall subscribe to the system chosen by the charterer, with such systems approved by the International Group of P&l Clubs. The charterer is undertaken to pay any fees incurred by the shipowner in subscribing to the system. The charterer also has to indemnify the shipowner for any additional liabilities resulting from the use of electronic bills of lading, which do not arise from the negligence of the shipowners. The International Group of P&I Clubs has approved three electronic (paperless) trading systems, which are BOLERO International Ltd, essDOCS Exchange Ltd and E-Title Authority Pte Ltd. 76 The approved system is found to imitate the legal functions of the paper bill of lading namely as a receipt, a document of title and a carriage contract which incorporates the Hague Rule (the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading 1924) or the Hague-Visby Rules (the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bill of Lading by the Brussel Protocol 1968). The International Group of P&I Clubs will be responsible for any liabilities occurring under carriage covered by these approved systems. This cover is provided so such liability 75 NYPE 2015 Time Charter Clause 32 76 UK P&I Club, ‘Electronic (Paperless) Trading Systems - Electronic Shipping Solutions, Bolero International Ltd, E-Title Authority Pte Ltd’ (October 2015), Circular 12/15 วารสารวิชาการนิติศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยทักษิณ ปีที่ 6 ฉบับที่ 8 กรกฎาคม 2560 - มิถุนายน 2561 137