วารสารวิชาการนิติศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยทักษิณ

would also have incurred under the paper bill. 77 It will not be covered in the case that the risks are connected with the use of the unapproved electronic trading system. The electronic trading system application may lead to some risks which are known as an electronic crime or electronic system failures such as hacking, scamming, systems collapse, malware and viruses. In this regard, the approval of electronic trading systems may protect themselves by insurance cover for electronic risk from such problems. Piracy NYPE 2015 has modernised the previous provisions by containing War Risks Clause for Time Chartering (CONWARTIME 2013) and BIMCO Piracy Clause for Time Charterparties 2013 as stated by Clause 34 and Clause 39. CONWARTIME 2013 is defined in Clause 34 of NYPE 2015, which has given the broad definition of piracy by including the actions of “violent robbery and/or capture/seizure” 78 and recognises whether the risk remains at the time of entering into the charterparty or after that. 79 The implementation of this clause also requires the reasonable judgement of the master and/or the shipowner to decide whether the proceeding is dangerous. The words “are likely to” no longer appear, and high test in case of Triton Lark 80 is avoided. 77 UK P&I Club, ‘Paperless Trading’ (UK P&I Club, October 2015) <http://www.ukpandi.com /fileadmin/uploads/uk-pi/Latest_Publications/Circulars/2015/UK_Paperless_Tra ding_FAQs.pdf> accessed 11 August 2016 78 NYPE 2015 Time Charter Clause 34 (a)(ii) 79 ibid Clause 34 (b) 80 Pacific Basin IHX Ltd v Bulkhandling Handymax AS (The Triton Lark ) [2012] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 151 วารสารวิชาการนิติศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยทักษิณ ปีที่ 6 ฉบับที่ 8 กรกฎาคม 2560 - มิถุนายน 2561 138