วารสารวิชาการนิติศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยทักษิณ

such damage, commencing from when the damage happening. In the case of hidden damage, the 24 hours period runs from the time when the shipowner could have found it by exercising due diligence. However, the previous version of NYPE form has stipulated 48 hours subject to Clause 35 of NYPE 1993. Sanctions Clause gives the right to refuse the order to the shipowner in his reasonable judgment which the employment order shows to the vessel, shipowner, manager, crew, insurer or reinsurers to any breach of international sanctions enforced by any state or governmental organisation. The clause provides a way to deal with the situation where the charterer declines to give other orders. Moreover, the charterer has to contain this clause in any sub-charter. 94 The Ballast Water Exchange Regulations in Clause 51 places the time, risk and expense on the charterer for the reason that the clause realises the control of intrusive marine species carried in ballast water, and the application of ballast water regulations by the coastal states. 95 As mentioned above, it can be seen that there are many practical changes, with new clauses having been presented in 1993 and 1946. Until now, BIMCO has carried on issuing the separate clauses to support particular issues such as piracy, electronic bill of lading, hull fouling, slow steaming and others. Nevertheless, with the NYPE 2015 these 94 NYPE 2015 Time Charter Party Explanatory Notes 28-29 95 ibid 36 วารสารวิชาการนิติศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยทักษิณ ปีที่ 6 ฉบับที่ 8 กรกฎาคม 2560 - มิถุนายน 2561 142