E
i
= A
BD
CF
EF
i
10
-6
(1)
Where,
E
i
, in tons of pollutant
i
, is the amount of the
emissions of pollutant
i
from open burning; A, in ha, is
the amount of burned area; BD, in kg/ha, is the mass of
sugarcane field residues subject to burning; CF, in
dimensionless, is the combustion factor; and EF, in g/kg
dm, is the emission factor of pollutant
i
[6].
The EF of CO
2
, CO, CH
4
, N
2
O, NO
x
, and TPM
specific to sugarcane field open burning were obtained
from literature review and presented in Table I.
TABLE I
S
PECIFIC VALUES OF EMISSION FACTOR
Pollutants
Specific values of EF
CO
2
10.46 gCO
2
/kg d.m. burned
a
CO
41.00 gCO/kg d.m. burned
b
CH
4
2.00 gCH
4
/kg d.m. burned
b
N
2
O
0.07 gN
2
O/kg d.m. burned
c
NO
x
1.40 gNOx /kg d.m. burned
a
TPM
3.50 gTPM/kg d.m. burned
b
a
Jenkins B.M. (1994),
b
US EPA AP-42,
c
Andreae M.O. and Merlet P., 2001
The amount of sugarcane field residues subject to
open burning was estimated using 0.28 as residue to
product ratio (RPR) averaged from review of [2, 8, 9],
and the average percentage of burned sugarcane to total
sugarcane supplied to sugar mills, representing the
fraction of area burned to total plantation area, for the
period of 2003-2012 reported by Office of the Cane and
Sugar Board (OCSB) [4]. The combustion factor of open
burning of sugarcane residues in Thailand was obtained
from country-specific data source [10].
B. Power Generation Potential of Open Burned Sugar
Field Residues
The amount of sugarcane field residues subject to
open burning can be used for power generation. The
corresponding power generation potential can be
calculated as follows.
Electricity output
=
Sugarcane field residues
Lower heating value
Efficiency
(2)
3.6
Plant operating time
where, Electricity output, in MW, is the annual capacity
of power production; Sugarcane field residues, in
tons/year, are the total amount of sugarcane field residues
subject to burning; Lower heating value, in MJ/kg, is the
lower heating value of sugarcane field residues; and
Efficiency, in %, is the overall efficiency of power
generation of the power plant.
R
ESULT AND
D
ISCUSSIONS
A. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Open Burned
Sugarcane Field Residues and Associated Air Pollutants
Emissions
A.1 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Open Burned
Sugarcane Residues
Fig. 1 shows the monthly distribution of open burned
sugarcane field residues during 2002/03 to 2011/12.
Fig. 1. Amount of open burned sugarcane field residues during 2002/03
to 2011/12.
In general, sugarcane field residues are frequently
open burned from December to April annually. The
amount of burned sugarcane field residues may fluctuate
but has always the same monthly profile. The field
burning starts in November to peak during January to
March, and progressively decreases to stop in June. From
Fig. 1, it can be confirmed that the residues are mostly
burned during January to March.
Fig. 2 reports the average amount of sugarcane
residues generated in the northern, northeastern, and
central regions of Thailand during 2002/03 to 2011/12
and average fraction of burned sugarcane residues.
(a)
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June
Residues burned (ktons)
Month
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13
Province code of Northern region
Residues generated Burned residues
kton
5,511 ktons of residues generated
3,307 ktons of burned residues
2013 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies
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