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£µ¡š¸É 3 ž¦·¤µ–„µ¦—¼ —Ž´œÊεš¸É ¤—»¨ °ŠÅ±Ã—¦Á‹¨‹µ„µ¦Á¤º°„¤Š¨´„š¸É¤¸ž¦· ¤µ– 2-ű—¦°„Ž¸Á°š·¨Á¤šµ‡¦·Á¨˜
0.0900 ä¨/¨·˜¦ Ĝµ¦¨³¨µ¥Á„¨º° NaCl, CaCl2 ¨³ FeCl3 ‡ªµ¤Á o¤ oœ 0.2 mol/l
4. Ÿ¨ °Š‡ªµ¤µ¤µ¦™Äœ„µ¦—¼—Ž´ œÊε °ŠÅ±Ã—¦Á‹¨Äœµ¦¨³¨µ¥Á„¨º °š¸É¤¸ž¦³‹»ª„®œ¹É Š
£µ¡š¸É 4 „¦µ¢ÂšnŠÂ—Šž¦·¤µ–„µ¦—¼—Ž´œÊεš¸É ¤—»¨ °ŠÅ±Ã—¦Á‹¨š¸É¤¸ž¦·¤µ– 2-ű—¦°„Ž¸Á°š·¨Á¤šµ‡¦·Á¨˜
0.0900 ä¨/¨·˜¦ Ĝµ¦¨³¨µ¥Á„¨º° LiCl, NaCl ¨³ KCl ‡ªµ¤Á o¤ oœ 0.2 mol/l
‹µ„¦¼žš¸É 4 ‹³Á®È œÅ—oªnµ LiCl µ¤µ¦™—¼—Ž´œÊεŗo ¼Šš¸É »— ¦°Š¨Š¤µ‡º° NaCl ¨³ KCl ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ š¸É
Áž}œÁnœœ¸ÊÁœºÉ°Š¤µ‹µ„ž¦·¤µ–„µ¦—¼—Ž´œÊεĜµ¦¨³¨µ¥Á„¨º°œ´Êœ ¹Êœ°¥¼n„´ œµ—Å°°°œ ‡º° Li+ ¤¸œµ—Å°°°œÁ¨È„
š¸É »— šÎµÄ®o Li+ —¹Š—¼—œÊÎ µÅ—o—¸ Á¤ºÉ ° Li+ µŠnªœÁ oµÅžšÎµž’· „·¦·¥µ„´ ®¤¼n -COO- °Šµ¦Á¤º°„‹µ„Á¤È—¤Š¨´„ ‹¹Š
nŠŸ¨Ä®oŸnœÅ±Ã—¦Á‹¨µ¤µ¦™—¼—Ž´œÊεŗo ¼Šš¸É »— nªœ Na+¨³ K+ ¤¸œµ—Å°°°œÄ®n„ªn µ Li+ šÎµÄ®o—¹Š—¼—œÊÎ µ
ŗo¨—¨Š ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ (A. Pourjavadi ¨³‡–³, 2006)