2011 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies
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56 kWp PV ARRAY
56 kW GRID-
CONNECTED
INVERTER
20 kW BI-
DIRECTIONAL
INVERTER
302 kWh (at C10)
BATTERY BANK
100 kW DIESEL
GENERATOR
ACBUS400/230V50Hz
CONSUMMER
722 kWh/day
66 kW
Fig. 8. Numbers of simulations using PSO on mesh algorithm.
Fig. 9. Koh Mak Noi village optimization result based on GenOpt.
Fig. 10. Koh Mak Noi village optimized system configuration.
The electricity costs of this optimal system are 18.02
baht/kWh. The PV arrays are the main units of this
hybrid system in generating electicity, while the diesel
generator serves as an auxiliary unit. The diesel generator
will be started if the generated electricity from the PV
array is not sufficient, which usually occurs when the
weather is uncertain and during peak load (6.00 PM-
10.00 PM).
The typical daily energy flow of SAHPS at Koh Mak
Noi village is shown in Figure 11. The yearly load is
263,525 kWh. Annual extracted energy from solar by the
PV array is 85,071 kWh, while from fuel by diesel
generator delivery it is 213,444 kWh. The renewable
energy meets 28% of demand and the remaining 72% is
contributed by the diesel generator. The PV array and
diesel generator operate 4,275 h and 4,632 h in a year,
respectively. The diesel usage is 96,819 liters/year.
Fig. 11. Typical daily energy flows of SAHPS at Koh Mak Noi village.
The results demonstrated that is as though (?) the final
yield of the references system. The PV final yields from
2004-2006 (PV/diesel hybrid power system) of the
references system were 4.05, 4.34 and 3.32 h
respectively, as shown in [1]. The monthly average PV
final yield and WECS final yield in January 2007
(PV/WECS/diesel hybrid power system) was 4.34 and
2.62 h respectively, meanwhile, these benchmark yields
are also compared with this study were 4.11 and 2.5 h,
respectively. Most simulation models are sufficiently
accurate to estimate the actual performance of the stand-
alone hybrid power system component models under
varying operating conditions.
In order to supply the same 24-hour electricity service
using only diesel generators, in this case the cost of
energy is 24.6 baht/kWh, with a life cycle cost of 82.93
million baht. In contrast, the optimal hybrid solution
discussed above provides electricity at 18.02 baht/kWh,
with a life-cycle cost of only 60.7 million baht. The
optimal solution thus saves the difference of about 22.23
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 50 99 148 197 246 295 344 393
number of generations (step)
Life cycle cost (million baht
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
1
5
9
13 17
21
Time
Power (kW)
Load
PVPower
Generator
Battery Power
0
0.5
1
1
5
9
13 17
21
Irradiation (kW/m^2)
