2011 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies
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been increasing continuously. In 2010, industry sector,
business sector and residential sector, electricity
consumption were 41.9 % 34.8% and 22.5%
respectively. Natural gas, coal and lignite were main
fuel for power system, equal to 71.33 %, 20.09 %
respectively. Electricity consumption divided by area
show that MAE was consumed 30.9% and PEA was
consumed 69.1%. Currently, Thailand electricity
system is a single buyer structure with EGAT, owner
about half of the power generation capacity, the
transmission system, therefore government policy and
prepare work planning must to collaboration with
EGAT.
The current Thailand Power Development Plan
2010-2030 or PDP 2010 embraces the horizon of 2010
to 2030,
designated as a “Green PDP” which highlights
on greenhouse gas emission reduction and promotions
of efficient energy utilization and electricity production
through cogeneration system, in addition to system
reliability and estimated quantity of renewable energy
to meet “The
15 Years
Alternative Energy
Development
Plan (2008-2022)
: AEDP”, its’ plan of
Ministry of Energy. The objective of AEDP is to
increase the portfolio of renewable energy to 20.3 % of
the final energy consumption in 2022 and at the end of
the plan, the portion of renewable energy in power
generation shall be 2.4% or 5,608 MW.
An important substance in PDP 2010 was
summarized.
Firstly
, The Forecasted Peak Demand in
2030 is 52,890 MW, 2.37 times higher than that in
2009, approximately.
Secondly
, The Total Contract
Capacity at the end of 2030 is 65,547 MW comprised,
existing capacity, the future added capacity from
EGAT power plants, power purchase from IPP, SPP
and VSPP, and the retired power plants and expiration
of Power Purchase Agreement term.
Thirdly
, Demand
Side Management (DSM) was classified into 2 aspects
as Supply-Side Management and Demand-Side
Management such as reduction of energy saving target
by electrical usage
characteristic of appliances.
Fourthly
,
EGAT’s
Renewable Energy Projects, it
designated not only commercially feasible power
generation from renewable energy, whose production
cost is not higher than the sum of average bulk tariff
plus the Government’s Adder Subsidy.
Fifthly
, SPPs
Using Renewable Energy, the Cabinet approved the
unlimited purchase capacity and duration from SPPs
that generate power from non-conventional resources
such as biomass or residues. Besides, the “Adder”
incentive scheme has been commenced in 2007 to
encourage power generation harnessing renewable
resources.
Sixthly
, VSPPs Using Renewable Energy are
applicable to the “Adder” scheme.
Seventhly
, SPPs
Using Cogeneration System were extended the
capacity of all SPPs.
Eighthly
, VSPPs Using
Cogeneration System have been encouraging power
purchase with unlimited duration and capacity.
Ninthly
,
Nuclear Power Plant Projects (NPP) as an alternative
future supply, the Cabinet appointed the Nuclear Power
Infrastructure Establishment Coordination Committee
(NPIECC) and EGAT, as the major agency in the Sub-
committee on Nuclear Power Utility Planning
Coordination, hired Burns and Roe Asia Co., Ltd. to
perform feasibility study of NPP development
preparation in Thailand in various aspects.
Tenthly
,
Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in power sector,
in order to control CO
2
amounts emitted from power
generation, a policy of the appropriate proportion of
fossil fuels used for electricity generation should be
investigated and defined. And
Finally
, Transmission
System Development Plan.
However, in renewable energy case,
Research
Policy to Support the Development and Renewable
Energy Usage for Increase Energy Efficiency in
Thailand Phase I
report that about 90% of renewable
energy potential comes from biomass, which is
agricultural residues mainly. A potential of micro
hydro, wind and fast-wood biomass are preliminary
evaluation from limited data, which potential must be
reviewed and additional exploration, this potentials are
physical potential, does not evaluate in term of
economics potential feasibility. Considering to
competitive ability of renewable energy found that
biogas, micro hydro and some cases of biomass have
competitive ability with conventional energy, the other
renewable energy sources have
n’t
competitive ability,
solar energy especially.
Phase II
, reports that the
promotion of renewable power plant policy, regulations
for electricity purchase from SPPs and VSPPs and the
Government’s Adder Subsidy, have
stimulated in
renewable power plant investment. Many investors
have intent to invest in various new technological types
of renewable energy such as wind energy. However,
the intention may not to be reality if the investment rate
of return is not high enough cover the expense but at
present, “adder” for
various type of renewable energy
are not attractive in terms of financial investment. In
order to attract investment, "adder" should provide to
20% of Internal Rate of Return for all of renewable
energy type (IRR), to approach the objective of AEDP.
For CO
2
Reduction, saving measures have a economic
cost effectiveness and as soon as practicable
IV.
C
OMPARATIVE
D
EVELOPMENT AND
S
ITUATION OF
T
HAILAND
E
LECTRICITY WITH
M
ULTIPLE
L
EVEL
P
ERSPECTIVE
C
ONCEPTUAL
Early of Thailand electricity development regime
were composed with several private actors such as oil
private power plant on upcountry and government
agency, it was
n’t
stability, structure wasn
’
t clear
because confusion of socio-technological network. At
that time, many niche occurred, protection space was a
commercial demand, and limitations were technology
capacity and imported technology. Electricity demand
in industry and business sectors were less than
residential sector because economic systems were
traditional agricultural. After Second World War,
electricity demand increased. During 1950-1969,
National government established many electicity
agencies. Before 1969, private concessions power
