2011 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies
- 267 -
plants were governance by PEA,
350
units
approximately, distributed electricity to urban area (big
cities) on every evening. The electricity regime was
stability, the dominant regime actors were government
electricity agencies. The government organize authority
in regime was regional autonomy, an informal regime
rule was to include the national government but
difference in individual agencies. Research and
development (R&D) of technological, human resource,
were inadequacy.
After EGAT was established, the operations of
various electricity agencies were under the same
regulations and standard, management plan and action
plans
implemented by EGAT. Governance,
infrastructure construction and coordinator for
international energy supplies were supported by the
government. EGAT's plans were direct effect of
electricity regime. They seem to be Thai electrical
regime has complete control over the system by EGAT.
Nevertheless, Thai electricity regime began increasing
stability, a direction of expectation or vision of actors
and networks were based on direction of EGAT plan
because they monopolize pricing and electricity buyers.
The occurrence of niche had been relating to regime
open window of change. Oil crisis in 1973 was a
landscape
pressure,
electricity
regime
was
reconfigurstion by revised a Electricity Authority of
Thailand Act, BE 2511, then EGAT was able to co-
invest with private sectors, IPPs, SPPs and VSPPs were
new actors in electricity regime. Development of IPPs,
SPPs, VSPPs niche will be a major change in power
system. Government use financial measures, technical
advice,
providing other help, reduces technology
’s
risk,
were motivation and key driver caused investors to
generate electricity. Then, Renewable energy projects
are progressive and fast growth. These measures were
protection area of renewabe energy niche. But they
didn
’
t emerge on four processing phase of
cosmopolitanisation because novelties occurred under
old regime regulation. Next landscape pressure may be
reduce Co
2
emission and how to incentives achieve in
the Kyoto Protocol. After the end of the Kyoto
Protocol in 2555, the international negotiations
response to reduce greenhouse gas emissions suggest
that developing country trade should have
responsibilities sharing. Developed country will use
climate change matter to set tariff barrier by using
standard and carbon footprints.
It’s
impact on
manufacturing and service sectors competitiveness of
developing countries significantly.
V.
D
ISCUSSION
The electricity dominant regime was covered all
systems, supported by EGAT and national government;
technology, infrastructure, consumers, marketing.
Energy planning has been driven by energy demand for
industrial and business sectors. Industrial sectors
consume largest portion of electricity but less
contribute to costs of generating and environment.
Using renewable energy on industrial sector has been
promoted by national government's verbal policies;
government and EGAT dominate electricity marketing
by making renewable energy as a supplement,
renewable energy in non industrial and urban sectors
depends on spatial landscape interdependent, but being
government dependent. Governance and managements
were centralization by EGAT and National
government, governance was classic steering paradigm,
top-down, command and control, restrictions to private
power producers (IPPs, SPPs, VSPPs); electricity must
be connected to EGAT’s transmission lines
. There
have been scattered small novelties for renewable
energy, but all of them may or may not be strong
enough to create a new pathway for transition, under
the domination of the existing regime, it can be argued
that renewable energy as an experiment cannot be
scaled up as a powerful drive for transition to replace
or to run in parallel with the dominant regime. Many
research emphasis on economic investments, less on
technology R&D and environment and social equity
considerations, we need scientific investigation to
prove how the complex system of the dominant regime
interacts with the emergence of the decentralized
renewable energy for sustainable and equitable use of
electricity in Thailand
and the development trend of
technological niche may result from next landscape
pressure, does not depend on present electricity regime
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