2011 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies
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B. Mitigation scenario
The scenario to reduce greenhouse gas for the
livestock sector in the manure management is proposed to
be modified the management of livestock waste to be
biogas system, it will be focus on the manure
management of cattle, non-dairy cattle and swine.
C. Swine
The promotion of manure management of swine farms
as biogas plants has been implemented by The Energy
Policy and Planning Office, Ministry of Energy. The
government subsidized farmers who using biogas
digesters to treat their manure and utilize the biogas as
renewable energy. The early phases could covered almost
the medium and large scale farms[8,10]. However, the
small scale farm should be encouraged to build their
digesters. On the year 2014 to 2019, the government
should subsidize to the farmer for building the biogas
plans for manure of 2.6 million of swines. This will
reduce GHG emission to 1.428 TgCO
2
eq in 2020 and
1.603 TgCO
2
eq in 2050 and also reduce specific emission
factor for manure management from 10.53 to 1.67
kgCH
4
/head/year as shown in Figure 5.
Fig. 5. Comparison of the emission of methane from swine before and
after implementation of scenario to promote the manure management
system adjusts to biogas at 4% GDP.
This project would cost 13.8 million U.S. dollars.
Moreover, the biogas was produced approximately 99
million cubic meter per year. The biogas can be generated
electricity at118.6 million kWh / year which would be
11.86 million U.S. dollars per year for saving.
D. Dairy Cattle
The scenario to promote the waste management of dairy
farms by changing conventional management system to
biogas system, The promotion would aim to 800,000 of
dairy cattle and the project was divided into 3 phases as
following;
Year
Number of dairy
cattle
Phase1
2014-2019
100,000
Phase2
2020-2030
420,000
Phase3
2031-2040
280,000
Figure 6 illustrated that methane emission decreased after
this measure was implemented. From this scenario
showed that the methane can be decreased down to 0.206
TgCO2eq in 2020 and 1.729 TgCO
2
eq in 2050. This also
reduce specific emission factor for manure management
from 25.95 to 3.9 kgCH
4
/head/year.
Fig. 6. Comparison of the emission of methane from dairy cattle before
and after implementation of scenario to promote the manure
management system adjusts to biogas at 4% GDP.
For this mitigation option, it would cost 13.9 million
U.S. dollars for funding farmer who change the manure
management system to biogas system. Furthermore, the
biogas can be produced approximately 148.3 million
cubic meter per year. This would substitute for the
electrical energy about 172.6 million kWh / year or
approximately 17.3 million U.S. dollars per year of
saving.
E. Non-Dairy Cattle
The third scenario is to promote the changing waste
management of non-dairy cattle farms to biogas system,
which aims up to 850,000 of dairy cattle and the project
was divided into 2 phases as the following;
Year
Number of dairy
cattle
Phase1
2014-2020
350,000
Phase2
2021-2025
500,000
Figure 7 illustrated that methane emission decreased
after this measure was implemented. From this scenario
showed that the methane can be decreased down to 0.303
TgCO2eq in 2020 and 1.763 TgCO
2
eq in 2050. This also
reduce specific emission factor for manure management
from 5.006 to 3.036 kgCH
4
/head/year.
For this mitigation option, it would cost 11.6 million
U.S. dollars for funding farmer who change the manure
management system to biogas system.
Furthermore, the
biogas can be produced approximately 31.8 million cubic
meter per year. This would substitute for the electrical
energy about 38.2 million kWh / year or approximately
3.8 million U.S. dollars per year of saving.
