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the auxiliary ‘do’ as they are directly equal to the Thai ones ‘mai (not) maa (come)’ and ‘mai (not)
anuyart (allow)’. Then, Guide E thought in Thai when uttering ‘no have’ which is fully equal to ‘mai
(no) mee (have)’ without changing it into either ‘it does not have’ or ‘it has no’ which does not fit the
Thai structure. Moreover, Guide E literally placed all the words for expressing the phrase in item 5 as in
Thai. Further, Guide J’s expression in item 6 seems to be correct in Thai as the words ‘time’ and ‘hour’
can be redundantly used. However, this expression is very Thai English. In item 7, the Thai verb ‘leave’
(oak) is often followed by the preposition ‘from’ (chaak), so this structure is not Standard English. The
final sentence is exactly ordered in Thai; the preposition ‘for’ (samrab) is not necessarily added after
the verb ‘wait’ (khoi).
(2)
Overgeneralization
Overgeneralization involves an overuse and misuse of grammatical elements; certain rules of
Standard English are infringed. Some examples are countable and uncountable nouns, prepositions,
word order, and subject-verb agreements (Wong, 1983).
Table 9: Overgeneralization (Misuse)
No. Aspects of Misuse
Excerpts (Thai English sentences)
Standard English Sentences
1
Main Verb
-But please don’t walking. (Guide A)
But please don’t walk.
- Please do not swimming. (Guide E)
Please do not swim.
2
Determiners
- Not much restaurants. (Guide A)
Not many restaurants
3
Word Order
I will show you where is the nemo fish. (Guide E)
I will show you where the nemo
fish is.
4
Preposition
- Please go back to your fin and return fin with our staff. (Guide E)
….return fin to our staff.
- We have to join with them in the same area in the nation park. (Guide F)
We have to join them….
5
Auxiliary
- If you are not used sticker, no worry. (Guide J)
If you don’t use sticker, don’t
worry.
-I am not recommend you to bring equipment for snorkeling. (Guide F)
I don’t recommend you…
6
Gerund/progressive
verb form
- We need twenty minute for make and prepare the lunch. (Guide F)
We need twenty minutes for
making and preparing the lunch.
- And for afternoon program, now we are go to see another beach near the
province. (Guide A)
…., we are going to see another
beach near the province.
7
Phrasal verb
If nobody goes to snorkeling, we go to have lunch now (Guide J)
If nobody goes snorkeling, …
Based on Table 9, the misuse of the main verb with the gerund form has often been used by
Guides A and E throughout the trips. Then, Guide A ignored the use of quantifiers for countable and
uncountable nouns. Further, Guide E got used to placing the main verb in a clause in relation to Thai
structure. He also used the preposition ‘with’ instead of ‘to’ because of considering its meaning in Thai
rather than the correct one in English. In this respect, Guide F and many other Thais usually used the
preposition ‘with’ after the verb ‘join’. Moreover, Guides F and J similarly misused the negative form of
the auxiliary ‘do’ due to the use of the verb ‘be’. Then, Guide A tried to use the present continuous
tense, but the verb ‘go’ is not followed by the progressive form. Similarly, Guide F misused the gerund
form after the use of the preposition ‘for’. Finally, Guide J misused the phrasal verb ‘go snorkeling’ by
adding the preposition ‘to’ between the two verbs.
Table 10: Overgeneralization (Overuse)
No. Aspects of Overuse
Excerpts (Thai English sentences)
Standard English Sentences
1
Suffix ‘s’
There are a lot of fishes and nice beautiful coral reefs. (Guide A)
There are a lot of fish….
We do snorkeling at Siam bay one hours. (Guide J)
We do snorkeling at Siam Bay for
one hour.
2
Nouns
And you can go up to the sail rock, symbolic of Similan island. (Guide E)
And you can go up to the sail
rock or a symbol of Similan island.
3
Determiners
- If someone can swim well like a, like a fish, like a dolphin, you don’t
need to wear, ok. (Guide F)
If someone can swim well like
fish,…..
