processding59.pdf - page 160

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Table 12: Reduction
No. Thai English Sentences Excerpts Standard English Sentences
1 No need to take the belonging
with you.
-It’s safe to leave the things on the boat. No need to take
the belonging with you. (Guide A)
You don’t need to take the
belonging with you
3 mask, no need in this island -You don’t… er mask, no need in this island. (Guide E) You don’t need mask in this island.
From Table 12, Guides A and E are similar in that they tried to shorten their imperatives by
omitting the negative form of the auxiliary ‘do’. They changed the form ‘not’ to be ‘no’ for this
reduction.
(5) Restructuring
Restructuring is the process of simplifying complicated grammar points retaining the meaning. For
example, the direct object is placed at the beginning of the sentence and followed by its subject and
main verb - “57ǰI don’t usually watch” (Wong, 1983). This feature is also evident in this study.
Table 13: Restructuring
No. Thai English Sentences Excerpts Standard English Sentences
1 The snorkel you can keep along
with you.
-The snorkel you can keep along with you, ah. (Guide A) You can keep the snorkel along
with you, ah.
2 Also the snorkel, mask, I will give to
you later
- And also the snorkel, the mask, I will give to you later, ok.
(Guide F)
And I will also give the snorkel
and mask to you later.
From Table 13, Guides A and F placed the objects at the position of the subjects. This
normally occurs in Thai. Guide F restructured the sentence with direct and indirect object but Guide
A’s expression had only the direct object.
(6) Progressive verb forms
World Englishes users often make static verbs ‘see, love, hear’ dynamically by adding the
progressive verb forms. One of the verbs was used by the guide to represent Thai English grammar.
Table 14: Progressive Verb Forms
No. Thai English Sentences Excerpts Standard English Sentences
1 Make sure that he is not seeing
everyone or not.
Make sure that he is not seeing everyone or not. (Guide A) Make sure whether he sees
everyone.
From Table 14, Guide A used the verb ‘see’ dynamically. Thais often use the verb ‘see’ /hen/
in a continuous tense, resulting in infringing Standard English but is supported by the Thai structure.
D. Discourse Features
In terms of discourse strategies, the four guides utilized Thai particles, code-mixing, code-switching,
and repetition to structure their textual elements when communicating with Thai and foreign tourists.
(1) Thai particles: Many non-native English Speakers of the basilectal level, seem to use their L1
particles to comfort and reduce the feeling of hostility towards English speaking. This is obviously
found in the basilectal Singapore English speakers who often use particles in Malay (la, lah) and in
Chinese (hah, ah, meh) (Soon Lay, 2005). Further, a Thai particle ‘na’ is used by a character with poor
English or ‘Tinglish’ in a Thai English fiction to make her English expression softer (Bennui & Hashim,
2014b). In this study, only Guide A once added the particle ‘krab’ in the following example:
Extract 1: Discourse Particle
“Woman thing. Sorry, ah. Ok, ĕöŠđðŨîĕøÙøĆïǰnecessary. Ok krab, Captain. Shall we go?” (Guide A)
Here, Guide A made his request more polite using ‘krab’ to ask the captain to drive the
speedboat.